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What is Cushing's Disease?

Cushing's disease, also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a condition where a dog's body produces too much cortisol hormone. This "stress hormone" is essential for normal body functions, but when produced in excess, it can cause serious health problems.

The condition typically affects middle-aged to older dogs, with most cases appearing in dogs between 6-12 years old. While any breed can develop Cushing's, some breeds show higher predisposition to the condition.

1 in 1000 Dogs affected annually
6-12 Years typical age range
85% Pituitary-dependent cases
15% Adrenal tumor cases

Types of Cushing's Disease

Pituitary-Dependent (85% of cases)

Caused by a small tumor in the pituitary gland that produces excess ACTH hormone, which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol.

  • Most common form
  • Usually benign tumors
  • Affects both adrenal glands
  • Treated with medication

Adrenal-Dependent (15% of cases)

Caused by a tumor on one of the adrenal glands that directly produces excess cortisol.

  • Less common form
  • Can be benign or malignant
  • Affects one adrenal gland
  • May require surgery

Common Symptoms

Cushing's disease symptoms develop gradually and can be easily mistaken for normal signs of aging. Here are the most common signs to watch for:

  • Increased drinking and urination - One of the earliest and most noticeable signs
  • Increased appetite - Dogs may seem constantly hungry or beg for food more than usual
  • Hair loss - Usually symmetrical, starting on the body and trunk
  • Pot-bellied appearance - Enlarged abdomen due to liver enlargement and muscle weakness
  • Thin, fragile skin - Skin becomes easily damaged and slow to heal
  • Excessive panting - Even when not hot or after light activity
  • Lethargy - Decreased energy and reluctance to exercise
  • Muscle weakness - Difficulty climbing stairs or jumping

Important Note

These symptoms can also indicate other health conditions. If you notice several of these signs in your dog, especially increased drinking and urination combined with other symptoms, consult your veterinarian for proper diagnosis.

Breeds at Higher Risk

While any dog can develop Cushing's disease, certain breeds show higher predisposition:

Small to Medium Breeds

  • Poodles (all sizes)
  • Dachshunds
  • Boston Terriers
  • Boxers
  • Beagles

Larger Breeds

  • German Shepherds
  • Labrador Retrievers
  • Golden Retrievers
  • Terrier breeds
  • Staffordshire Terriers

Diagnosis Process

Diagnosing Cushing's disease requires multiple steps and tests, as symptoms can mimic other conditions:

  • Physical examination - Your vet will assess visible symptoms and overall health
  • Blood chemistry panel - Checks liver enzymes, blood sugar, and other markers
  • Urinalysis - Evaluates kidney function and urine concentration
  • ACTH stimulation test - Measures adrenal gland response to stimulation
  • Low-dose dexamethasone test - Checks cortisol suppression response
  • High-dose dexamethasone test - Helps differentiate between pituitary and adrenal causes
  • Ultrasound - Images adrenal glands and other internal organs
  • Advanced imaging - CT or MRI may be needed for complex cases

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type and severity of Cushing's disease. The goal is to control cortisol levels and manage symptoms:

Medical Management

  • Trilostane - Most common medication, blocks cortisol production
  • Mitotane - Alternative medication that destroys adrenal tissue
  • Regular monitoring - Blood tests to adjust medication dosage
  • Symptom management - Supporting treatments for related issues

Surgical Options

  • Adrenalectomy - Removal of affected adrenal gland
  • Pituitary surgery - Rarely performed, highly specialized
  • Post-surgical care - Hormone replacement therapy may be needed
  • Recovery monitoring - Close veterinary supervision required

Treatment Considerations

Treatment for Cushing's disease is typically lifelong and requires regular veterinary monitoring. While the condition cannot be cured in most cases, proper management can significantly improve quality of life and extend lifespan.

Living with Cushing's Disease

With proper treatment and management, dogs with Cushing's disease can live comfortable, happy lives. Here's what to expect:

  • Regular vet visits - Typically every 3-6 months for monitoring
  • Medication adherence - Daily medications must be given consistently
  • Symptom tracking - Monitor water intake, appetite, and energy levels
  • Diet management - May need special diet for liver support
  • Exercise modification - Gentle, regular exercise as tolerated
  • Skin care - Extra attention to prevent skin injuries
  • Emergency awareness - Know signs of medication complications

Most dogs show improvement in symptoms within 4-6 weeks of starting treatment, with continued improvement over several months.